Old Damascus: The Capital of Civilizations and the Memory of History
Location and Historical Role:
Old Damascus is located in the Damascus basin, separated from the modern city by the Barada River. Its geographical position was crucial, establishing it as a vital crossing point for trade caravans and a key hub in the international trade network throughout history. Damascus has been given numerous nicknames, including "Al-Fayhaa" (The Scented), "City of Jasmine," and "Sham Sharif".
The Charming Urban Fabric:
Old Damascus is characterized by its unique urban fabric and its historic houses known as the Arab Houses:
Damascene Houses: These homes typically feature a central courtyard (or a small pool) surrounded by rooms, and are often composed of more than one floor. These buildings possess a unique architectural charm, deriving their magic from their intricate details.
Quarters and Souqs (Markets): Most of the historic districts are still referred to as "Harat" (Quarters), which have been a source of inspiration for literature and drama. Famous markets that reflect the vibrant commercial life are spread throughout the old city, including Souq al-Hamidiyah, Souq Midhat Pasha, Souq al-Buzuriyah, and Souq al-Harika.
Historical and Religious Landmarks:
Old Damascus is rich in significant historical and religious landmarks from various periods:
The Umayyad Great Mosque: This is one of the most famous mosques and major religious landmarks in Damascus, considered by some to be the fourth most famous mosque in Islam. It was constructed in the 8th century AD on the site of an Assyrian sanctuary and houses the shrine of Prophet Yahya (Saint John the Baptist).
City Walls and Gates: The old city is surrounded by ancient walls pierced by historic gates, such as Bab Touma (Thomas Gate), Bab al-Jabiya, and Bab Kisan.
Other Landmarks: The city also contains the Mausoleum of Sultan Baybars, Al-Azm Palace, the Mariamite Church, Khan As'ad Pasha, and the Nuri Hospital (Bimaristan), which is now the Museum of Medicine and Science in the Arab World.
In conclusion, Old Damascus remains a universal cultural and human symbol, a living witness to a long history and cultural richness that has left its mark on Arab and Islamic civilization.
